źródło: Daily Health Study
China's health-care system has been plagued by a chronic imbalance of resources for a long time. The biggest class-3 hospitals (about 1,350 in total) in large cities have the best-qualified physicians and the most patient flow. Compared to these, the smaller, less developed, and often poorly-funded, community-health centers, county hospitals, and other rural facilities are more difficult to access and much more expensive than larger hospitals. This gap undermines the strategic goal to provide broad and effective care. Patients will choose to go to the most prestigious hospitals in their largest cities regardless of severity. This causes overcrowding at big hospitals and underutilization of grassroots facilities.
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The main goal of health-care reform, therefore, is to create a primary-care infrastructure. This includes the development community-health centres and community-health stations. It also includes a three-tier rural network that includes county hospitals, township medical centers and village clinics. The government is also working to improve the quality and service standards of primary-care institutions, mainly by training general practitioners and establishing a referral system between hospitals and primary-care facilities.
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The significant development of grassroots infrastructure has been a key part of reform efforts. For example, the number of community-health stations and urban community-health centres increased by 20% in 2010. The development of wealthy regions is even more rapid. For example, Zhejiang has 168 and Beijing have 119 community-health centres and community-health stations for every million urban residents respectively, while Yunnan only has 22. As underdeveloped regions invest, this gap will likely shrink.
The government is also working to improve the quality and availability of primary-care physicians. For example, the Health Care Reform Office of the central government recently announced that urban community-health doctors are now being trained on the job and that 5,000 physicians will be trained to support the township-health centres in the central-western region. This will take time and the large gap between quality of small hospitals and those at larger facilities will continue.
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The government is making every effort to improve primary-care institutions, and to give patients more incentive to use them. The success of the initiative will depend on the quality of doctors and other medical personnel, access to effective drugs patients can trust and the creation integrated networks of primary- and tertiary institutions that manage patient flows efficiently. These developments will be difficult to achieve.
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The increasing complexity and uncertainty faced by pharma companies stems from the increase in reimbursement categories and government pressure to lower prices and reduce the burden on patients. These companies have large product portfolios that include many drugs on the National Reimbursement Drug List. Some also have high exposure to the Essential Drug List. Many analysts expect that new drugs will make a significant contribution to the economy by 2020. Twelve out of 15 top multinational pharma companies in China derive more that half their sales from China from drugs on current National Reimbursement Drug List.
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Six of the top fifteen pharma companies in China are dependent on sales of essential drug lists molecules for more than 10% of their China sales. The pricing trends for these two types of drugs (and any new ones) will be different. The price premiums for products made by multinational companies will continue to be a problem for medicines on the National Reimbursement Drug List. The Essential Drug List will be expanded in scope. The launch price of new drugs could be affected by reference pricing.
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dailyhealthstudy
For women's health, tips for heart, mind, and body - https://www.mpolska24.pl/blog/for-womens-health-tips-for-heart-mind-and-body
If you want to avoid problems such as strokes and heart disease, there is an easy way.
Get more fruits and vegetables.
Whole grains are better than refined ones. Brown rice is better than white. Switch to whole-wheat pasta
Consider lean proteins such as poultry, fish and beans.
Reduce your intake of processed foods, sugar, salt, saturated fat, and other unhealthy food.
Flexibility is key to eating well, according to Joyce Meng, MD assistant professor at UConn Health's Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center. You can follow a strict diet plan if you prefer. It's okay if you don't like following a strict diet plan.
Tricia Montgomery (52), founder of K9 Fit Club knows firsthand the benefits of a healthy diet and lifestyle. Her favorite things are eating healthy food and making small, frequent meals. She says, "I don’t deny myself anything." "I still enjoy dessert, key lime pie, yum!" -- I love frozen gummy bears and moderation is the key.
Get regular checkups. Your doctor will keep track of your medical history so that you can stay healthy. If you are at high risk of osteoporosis (a condition that weakens bones), your doctor may recommend more vitamin D and calcium.
You may be recommended by your doctor to have screening tests done to monitor your health and detect conditions before they become serious.
Be open to communication. Meng said, "If you have any questions, ask your doctor." "Ensure you are satisfied with the information." Talk to your doctor if you have concerns about any medication or procedure.
Reduce Stress
It can be very detrimental to your health. It is impossible to avoid it all, but there are ways you can reduce the effects. Do not take on too many responsibilities. Set limits for yourself and others. It is okay to say no.
To relieve stress, try:
Deep breathing
Meditation
Yoga
Massage
Exercise
Healthy eating
Talking to a friend or family member.
Develop healthy habits
You can prevent problems from coming your way tomorrow if you make the right decisions today.
Brush your teeth twice daily and floss each day.
Don't smoke.
Limit your alcohol. Limit your alcohol intake to 1 drink per day.
Take your medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
Get better sleep. Try to sleep for at least 8 hours. Talk to your doctor if you are having trouble sleeping.
Keep out of direct sunlight between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.
Wear your seatbelt.
Meng suggests that you take time each day to invest in your own health.
Montgomery was able to see the benefits. Montgomery says that she has overcome health issues, is happy, and has a positive outlook. She says that her life has been forever transformed.
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